From Terroir to Technology: The evolution and future of precision Viticulture

Viticulture, the ancient art and science of grape cultivation, is undergoing a profound paradigm shift. This chapter examines the evolution of modern viticulture from a traditional craft to a precision science driven by data, technology, and ecological principles. It outlines core methodologies—including precision site selection, regulated deficit irrigation, integrated pest management, and data-driven canopy management—that define contemporary vineyard practice. The discussion extends to the diverse applications of viticulture beyond wine, encompassing table grapes, raisins, and other derivative products. Crucially, the chapter addresses the pressing challenges confronting the global viticulture industry, with climate change, water scarcity, and socioeconomic pressures identified as critical threats to sustainability. In response, the chapter explores future prospects for building resilience, highlighting the pivotal roles of digital viticulture (AI, IoT, remote sensing), advancements in genetics for disease and drought resistance, and the adoption of regenerative agricultural practices. A case study of Jackson Family Wines illustrates the successful large-scale implementation of regenerative strategies. Ultimately, this chapter argues that the future of viticulture depends on a synergistic integration of cutting-edge technology with agroecological wisdom to ensure the economic, environmental, and cultural sustainability of this vital global industry.