Association between serum vitamin d levels and cardiometabolic risk factors in adult patients: A cross-sectional analysis

Background: Vitamin D deficiency has been increasingly linked to cardiometabolic disorders, including obesity, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, and impaired glucose metabolism. Despite growing interest, evidence from routine clinical populations remains inconsistent, particularly in real-world settings where cardiometabolic risk factors often cluster.

Objective: This study aimed to examine the association between serum vitamin D levels and major cardiometabolic risk factors among adults undergoing routine health examinations.

Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using secondary clinical data from 248 adult patients who underwent routine medical evaluations between 2017 and 2023. Collected variables included age, sex, blood pressure, lipid profile, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, and serum vitamin D levels. Pearson correlation analysis and multivariable linear regression were performed to evaluate the relationship between vitamin D levels and cardiometabolic parameters.

Results: Suboptimal vitamin D levels were common across the study population. Vitamin D concentrations demonstrated inverse correlations with BMI (r = −0.11), LDL cholesterol (r = −0.09), triglycerides (r = −0.09), and diastolic blood pressure (r = −0.10). In multivariable linear regression adjusting for age, BMI, blood pressure, and lipid parameters (n = 172), BMI and LDL cholesterol showed negative regression coefficients with vitamin D levels, although statistical significance was attenuated after adjustment.

Conclusion: Vitamin D insufficiency was prevalent and showed consistent inverse associations with multiple cardiometabolic risk factors. While independent effects were modest, vitamin D status may serve as a marker of cardiometabolic risk clustering. Longitudinal studies are warranted to clarify causal relationships and clinical implications.