Music education in the age of AI: What educators and creators need to know

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in music education is transforming how students learn, create, and engage with music. This review explores the evolution and application of AI-driven technologies—from personalized learning systems and emotion-aware tutors to co-creative composition tools. By synthesizing recent empirical findings and theoretical models, this article highlights both the pedagogical potential and ethical complexities of AI in the music classroom. Despite notable advances in adaptive feedback, engagement, and accessibility, challenges such as cultural bias, data transparency, and teacher training remain unresolved. Future directions include building more inclusive datasets, enhancing co-creativity, and supporting educators through human-in-the-loop systems. This paper aims to equip educators, technologists, and researchers with a critical understanding of how AI is reshaping the landscape of music learning for the next generation.