Understanding and managing the complications of chronic kidney disease: A comprehensive review

A progressive illness, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is linked to several systemic consequences that raise morbidity and death. Anemia, fluid retention, renal osteodystrophy, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and sepsis are the main consequences of chronic kidney disease (CKD) that are highlighted in this study. Iron dysregulation and decreased erythropoietin production cause anemia, but water and sodium retention cause fluid overload. Unbalances in the metabolism of calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D are the main cause of renal osteodystrophy. Both conventional and CKD-specific risk factors contribute to CVD, the primary cause of death in CKD patients. Because of immunological failure, CKD also makes people more vulnerable to infections and sepsis. To enhance patient outcomes, early detection and focused therapy approaches—such as phosphate binders, erythropoiesis-stimulating medicines, and new drugs like SGLT2 inhibitors and HIF-PHIs—are crucial.