Climate resilience through conservation farming: A review of adaptive practices among smallholder farmers

This paper reviews the potential of conservation farming as a strategy to build climate resilience among smallholder farmers, particularly in developing regions. These farmers face mounting challenges due to climate change, such as extreme weather, irregular rainfall, and rising temperatures, which threaten food security and agricultural productivity. The review defines conservation farming through its core principles—minimal soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop diversification—and discusses how these methods mitigate climate-related risks. Key practices like zero tillage, mulching, crop rotation, and integrated pest management are highlighted for their positive impact on soil health, water retention, erosion control, and yield stability. Drawing from an extensive literature review and case studies, the paper evaluates the effectiveness and adaptability of conservation farming across varied ecological zones. Findings indicate that these practices not only bolster resilience and reduce input costs but also support sustainable agriculture and environmental conservation. The review concludes that broad adoption of conservation farming, backed by adequate support, could play a vital role in protecting smallholder livelihoods and advancing food security in the context of climate change.